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They may damage a study’s validity, making it impossible to know whether the effects were caused by the independent and moderator variables or some extraneous factor. These are those factors in the research environment which may have an effect on the dependent variable(s) but which are not controlled. Variables that have been controlled in this way are called control variables. Therefore, the variables that are not measured in a particular study must be held constant, neutralized/balanced, or eliminated, so they will not have a biasing effect on the other variables. It is not possible to consider every variable in a single study. Language learning and teaching are very complex processes. Typical moderator variables in TESL and language acquisition research (when they are not the major focus of the study) include the sex, age, culture, or language proficiency of the subjects. Examples of Independent and Dependent Variables in a Hypothesis: Example 1 The greater number of coal plants in a region (independent variable) increases water pollution (dependent variable). They are influenced by the change in independent variable.
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Unlike extraneous variables, moderator variables are measured and taken into consideration. Dependent variables, as name suggests are dependent on other factors of the study. These affect the relationship between the independent and dependent variables by modifying the effect of the intervening variable(s). Synonyms for VARIABLE: adaptable, adjustable, alterable, changeable, elastic, flexible, fluid, malleable Antonyms for VARIABLE: established, fixed, immutable. For example, if the use of a particular teaching technique is the independent variable and mastery of the objectives is the dependent variable, then the language learning processes used by the subjects are the intervening variables. In language learning and teaching, they are usually inside the subjects’ heads, including various language learning processes which the researcher cannot observe. These refer to abstract processes that are not directly observable but that link the independent and dependent variables. Inventory, which measures teacher – student interaction Upper primary, secondary and junior college.ĭependent variable: Score on a classroom observation Independent variable: Level of schooling, four categories – primary, Interaction at different levels of schooling. Kind of praise is varied to see whether it produces different scores on theĮxamples of independent and dependent variables: Trying to determine whether there is a cause-and-effect relationship, so the The example “a study of the effect of teacher praise on the reading achievement of second-graders”, the effect of praise, the researcher is Independent variables are variables which are
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In other words, the variation in theĭependent variable depends on the variation in the independent variable. Procedure, then the dependent variable might be students’ scores on a test of Independent variable is the use or non-use of a new language teaching Manipulating or introducing the independent variables.